People with Higher ‘Intellectual Arrogance’ Get Better Grades, Baylor Study Finds

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WACO, Texas (Oct. 6, 2015) — People who think they know it all — or at least, know a lot — may be on to something, according to a Baylor University study.
The finding was a surprise to researchers at Baylor and the University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, who had theorized that "intellectual humility" — having an accurate or moderate view of one's intelligence and being open to criticism and ideas — would correlate with academic grades.
Being full of oneself when it came to rating one's intellectual arrogance — an exaggerated view of intellectual ability and knowledge — instead generally predicted academic achievement, especially on individual course work. The research — "Contrasting self-report and consensus ratings of intellectual humility and arrogance" — is published in the Journal of Research in Personality and funded by a grant from The John Templeton Foundation.
The study also revealed that:

With group projects, other team members gave better evaluations to those they viewed as humble and willing to learn — something that has important implications when collaboration is needed in the classroom, workplace and other situations, said lead author Benjamin R. Meagher, now a visiting assistant professor at Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

When rating themselves on a "humble-ometer," people generally did not see themselves as others saw them. Accordingly, nearly everyone may agree that someone like, say, Donald Trump is egotistical — except Donald Trump, said researcher Wade C. Rowatt, Ph.D., professor of psychology and neuroscience in Baylor's College of Arts & Sciences.

People can agree or reach consensus about whether another person is intellectually humble or intellectually arrogant, but "it takes time," Rowatt said.

In the study, 103 undergraduate students worked for a full semester in groups of four to six members in upper-level psychology courses. They did varied tasks, both individually and together. Then they took tests — first individually, then with fellow group members, who gave feedback on each member's work. Students earned credit for individual and group performances.
Afterward, each person completed a questionnaire judging the personalities of each group member, including themselves. They measured "intellectual humility," based on such traits as "open to criticism" and "knows what he/she is not good at." They also measured "intellectual arrogance," based on such traits as "is close-minded" and "believes own ideas superior to others' ideas."
Additional traits also were evaluated, among them assertiveness, intelligence, self-discipline, openness and sense of humor. Many who rated themselves high in humbleness also rated themselves high on such virtues as competence, agreeableness and leadership.
Groups tended to view people as intellectually arrogant whom they saw as being high in dominance, extraversion and wanting to be the center of attention, but low in agreeableness and conscientiousness.
As for those who viewed themselves as intellectually arrogant, "one possibility is that they know what they know and that translates to increases in academic performance," Rowatt said.
In this part of the study, participants were able to reach a statistically significant consensus about how they viewed a person, researchers said.
That was not the case in another portion of the research. In it, 135 participants who did not know one another were split into groups of three to five and spent only about 45 minutes together to share their strengths and weaknesses, brainstorm about a theoretical scenario in which they had extra fingers, work together on math and verbal questions and discuss their results.
"If people are forming opinions about extraversion and someone talks a lot, it's easy to draw consensus about that person," Meagher said. "But it's more challenging for groups to recognize what behavior reveals another person's humility, as opposed to simply being shy or unsure.
"What I think is important about intellectual humility is its necessity for not only science, but for just learning generally — and that applies to the classroom, a work setting, wherever," he said. "Learning something new requires first acknowledging your own ignorance and being willing to make your ignorance known to others. People clearly differ in terms of their willingness to do something like that, but that willingness to learn, change one's mind and value the opinion of others is really needed if people and groups are going to develop and grow."
*Other Baylor researchers were Shawn J. Latendresse, assistant professor; and Joseph C. Leman, doctoral candidate. Joshua P. Bias, Ph.D., is an assistant professor at University of Mary Hardin-Baylor.

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Baylor University is a private Christian University and a nationally ranked research institution, characterized as having "high research activity" by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The University provides a vibrant campus community for approximately 16,000 students by blending interdisciplinary research with an international reputation for educational excellence and a faculty commitment to teaching and scholarship. Chartered in 1845 by the Republic of Texas through the efforts of Baptist pioneers, Baylor is the oldest continually operating University in Texas. Located in Waco, Baylor welcomes students from all 50 states and more than 80 countries to study a broad range of degrees among its 12 nationally recognized academic divisions. Baylor sponsors 19 varsity athletic teams and is a founding member of the Big 12 Conference.

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The College of Arts & Sciences is Baylor University's oldest and largest academic division, consisting of 25 academic departments and 13 academic centers and institutes. The more than 5,000 courses taught in the College span topics from art and theatre to religion, philosophy, sociology and the natural sciences. Faculty conduct research around the world, and research on the undergraduate and graduate level is prevalent throughout all disciplines.